Centre for Policy Alternatives on 9 February, 2022

Confidence in Democratic Governance Index

The Confidence in Democratic Governance Index was conducted in light of assessing the system of governance under the Gotabaya Rajapaksa regime that was elected to power in November 2019.

Although the current regime promised vistas of prosperity and splendor, the soaring cost of living, food shortages and the crippling economy has left the citizenry in disarray. The mismanagement and imprudent social, economic and political policies executed amidst a public health crisis, has resulted in a system of governance that has created a near humanitarian catastrophe.

Multiple presidential task forces headed by military personnel (or those with a military mindset) that bypass existing channels of democratic processes, coupled with an emphasis on Sinhala majoritarian supremacy, has been a few of the key highlights in the current regime.

In this context, the national survey aimed to gather public perception pertaining to the government’s performance and pledges, preferred forms of governance, the role of the military, an assessment on social conditions, the legitimacy of COVID-19 regulations and fair treatment during the pandemic.

The research study was conducted by Social Indicator (SI) the survey research arm of the Centre for Policy Alternatives.

To read this report in English, click here.
To read an executive summary of this report in Sinhala, click here.
To read an executive summary of this report in Tamil, click here.

To view a series of infographics flagging some of the key findings in this report, click here.

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 31 January, 2022

Commentary on Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) (Amendment) Bill 2022

31st January, 2022, Colombo, Sri Lanka: This commentary examines in brief, proposed amendments for the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act (PTA) which were approved by Cabinet on 24 January 2022 and subsequently gazetted. The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) has prepared this document as an initial comment to the proposed amendments with further advocacy to follow after the tabling of the bill in Parliament.

At the outset CPA notes that the proposed amendments follow a minimalist approach, introducing only basic reforms which are insufficient to address ground realities. Many of the aspects which require urgent reform as highlighted by legal scholars, civil society actors and even the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka have not been addressed in the Bill. In this light, the proposed amendment to the PTA appears to be more a token effort to address international pressure rather than a genuine and effective exercise to address ground realities and the abuses and violations brought about by the PTA. The present document raises several of these concerns with CPA reiterating its previous call for the repeal of the PTA. Further, while reiterating CPA’s earlier concerns and the need for new legislation upon the repeal of the PTA, CPA calls for an immediate moratorium on the use of PTA until an acceptable law can be drafted.

Several key concerns consistently raised by CPA and others and in the jurisprudence on the PTA have not been addressed in the amendments.

  • The amending Bill does not address problems with the admissibility of statements and confessions under the PTA. The provisions of the PTA waive the application of the Evidence Ordinance and there are no safeguards to be followed in recording confessions and statements from suspects. This has been particularly pointed out as a matter for concern by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka in Maridas v The State.
  • The period of 72 hours after arrest and before production before a magistrate has not been amended. This is a loophole in the PTA which facilitates the torture of those arrested under the PTA while in custody.
  • The lack of judicial oversight during investigations has not been addressed by the amendments. The extensive powers granted to investigating officers including to take suspects from place to place, creates space for the continued violation of their rights as many reported being subjected to torture during such periods of being taken out of prison for interrogation.
  • The definition of the acts which fall within the offence of terrorism is of a broad and vague nature, and has allowed the PTA to be used even in instances where its use is not warranted. This has not been addressed by the amendments.
  • The access to an attorney-at-law is already provided for by law and the amending provision does not ensure the protection of the right to representation of the accused. Many PTA prisoners mention difficulties, particularly financial difficulties they face retaining legal counsel, as well as due to the nature of the cases, since there is stigma attached to appearing for a PTA accused. The amendments fail to address this issue.
  • There is no provision in the PTA for information to be provided at the time of arrest on the cause of arrest and the rights of the suspect. This is in violation of Article 13(1) of the Constitution and Sri Lanka’s international obligation under Article 9(2) of the ICCPR.
  • The PTA gives broad rule making powers to the minister and this has led to several instances where regulations which enable abuse and human rights violations have been made under these provisions. Most recently, the Prevention of Terrorism (De-radicalization from holding violent extremist religious ideology) Regulations No. 01 of 2021 which can further jeopardise the rights and liberties of persons, especially religious and ethnic minorities, and curtail political dissent with no effective due process guarantees has been promulgated under this provision. The amendment fails to address this.
  • Section 6 of the PTA gives extensive powers of search and seizure. The implementation of these powers should be carried out in a manner consistent with the inherent dignity of the person and international human rights law. The implementation of these measures relating to search and seizure should be professional and transparent and subject to oversight and judicial scrutiny. The amendment fails to address this.

The present document consists of two parts. Part I, will provide a brief initial comment on the impact of the proposed amendments to the PTA. CPA concludes that the proposed amendments are grossly inadequate and represent an absolute minimalist approach, introducing only basic reforms which are insufficient to address ground realities. In this light, the proposed amendment to the PTA appears to be more a token effort to address international pressure rather than a genuine and effective exercise to address ground realities and the abuses and violations brought about by the PTA.

Part II will give a brief overview of the historic criticism of the PTA, including pronouncements made by the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka questioning the constitutional legitimacy of the law.

To read this commentary in English, click here.
To read this commentary in Sinhala, click here.

To read this commentary in Tamil, click here.

 

 

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 28 January, 2022

Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu files Petition in the Supreme Court (SC SD 8/2022) against proposed Special Goods and Services Tax Bill

January 28th, 2022, Colombo, Sri Lanka: On the 27th of January 2022, the Executive Director of the Centre for Policy Alternatives, Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu, filed a Petition in the Supreme Court (SC SD 08/2022) challenging the proposed Special Goods and Services Tax Bill, which was published in the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of 7th January 2022, and placed on the Order Paper of Parliament on 20th January 2022. The Bill seeks to provide for the introduction of a special goods and services tax which will operate in lieu of several other existing taxes, levies etc., and for the collection and administration of the same. 

It is argued that several clauses in the instant Bill are inconsistent with the Constitution, including several entrench provisions, and thus cannot be passed into law except if approved by the people at a referendum in addition to a two-thirds vote of the whole number of the Members of Parliament in favour as required by Article 83(a) of the Constitution. 

The Petition challenges clauses 2, 3 and 9(1) of the Bill. Clause 9(1) provides that the Special Goods and Services Tax, imposed under section 2, and payable by a taxable person shall be paid directly by the respective taxable person, by way of an electronic fund transfer to an account opened and maintained in the name of the Designated Officer for the purposes of this Act, and such payment shall be deemed to be a credit to the Consolidated Fund. 

This is a deviation from the usual process by which monies collected by way of taxes are ordinarily credited or remitted to the Consolidated fund. The Petition argues that this deviation could result in a dilution of the control Parliament has over Public Finance, which is important to ensure that public money is utilized in trust for the public. The Petition notes that a dilution of parliamentary oversight could result in corruption and a misuse of funds. 

 

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 17 January, 2022

Parliament: Law, History and Practice

 

It gives us great pleasure to introduce this short treatise on the law, history, and practice of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.

The colonial origins of the legislature go back to 1833 when a Legislative Council was first established to provide advice and consent to the Governor in the making of laws for the peace, order, and good government of the island. In 1931, whilst still a British colony, the legislature became the first in Asia to be elected on the basis of adult universal franchise. With independence in 1948, Parliament became a sovereign legislature, and after 1972, the principal legislative organ of the Sri Lankan Republic.

This book has been written in a context in which Parliament has a new constitutional prominence after the structural changes effected by the Nineteenth Amendment to the 1978 Constitution in 2015. Indeed, it is the first extended consideration of the constitutional role and operation of Parliament after the Nineteenth Amendment and the introduction of a comprehensive new committee system in 2016. In late 2018, the Parliament of Sri Lanka attracted the approbation of the democratic world when it successfully withstood an attempt to subvert the Constitution, demonstrating not only its new institutional resilience but also its maturity as the national legislature of an established democracy. It is our hope that this
book will contribute to the continuing reinforcement of Parliament’s role in national life, and thereby to the further development of Sri Lanka’s constitutional democracy.

The book is primarily meant to assist the work of Members and staff of Parliament, although we hope it will be useful to the general reader as well. It covers the main areas relevant to the study of the powers and functions of a modern legislature that draws its customs, conventions, and practices from the traditions shared by all Commonwealth Parliaments.

To download this publication in English, click here.

For a Sinhala translation, click here, and for a Tamil translation, click here.

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 17 December, 2021

Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu’s speech on Human Rights Day 2021

17.12.2021, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Executive Director of the Centre for Policy Alternatives Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu spoke at an event to mark Human Rights Day 2021. Among the topics touched on were the increasingly authoritarian and ethno-majoritarian policies of the incumbent government, and the challenges faced by civil society activists under the current socio-political climate.

Watch the full speech:

 

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 17 December, 2021

Policy Recommendations On Preventing Violent Extremism in Sri Lanka

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

December 17th, 2021, Colombo, Sri Lanka: Violent extremism, especially amongst youth has persisted all over the world, carrying with it the potential to destroy the socio-political, cultural and economic fabric of societies in a trail of death and destruction. One feature of all this stands out and that is the frustration of the youth to be heard, to be taken seriously and brought into the discussion of public policy-making as a key stakeholder. Therefore, the Capacity Building and Outreach Thematic Group of the CPA, in collaboration with academics of respective universities, facilitated these discussions, creating an unrestricted space for undergraduates in 10 universities of north, south, east, west, and the centre of the country to express their opinions on issues, challenges and recommendations with regard to preventing violent extremism in Sri Lanka. This is not an exhaustive analysis on the issue of “Preventing Violent Extremism” but a compilation of views of university undergraduates representing the youth of the country on the topic of violent extremism, and is expected to be a paper that contributes to the ongoing debate on combating violent extremism in Sri Lanka.

 

To read and download the full report in English, click here
To read and download the full report in Sinhala, click here
To read and download the full report in Tamil, click here

Centre for Policy Alternatives on 17 December, 2021

A Commentary: Legal and Policy Issues related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka

December 17th, 2021, Colombo, Sri Lanka: The COVID-19 health crisis has posed a range of unprecedented legal, political, economic and social challenges for Sri Lanka since March, 2020. While the government was successful in containing the first wave of COVID-19, the pandemic response has since unravelled, revealing issues with the heavily militarised and politicised approach favoured by the government. As the country gradually emerges from the latest wave of COVID-19, it has to grapple with the economic fallout and the rising cost of living brought on by the pandemic and its misgovernance, which may require an immediate and robust legal and policy response.

From the outset, the broader trends of militarisation, politicisation, repression, and marginalisation characterised the approach to manage the health crisis. Pandemic governance to date has also exacerbated ongoing processes of authoritarianism and executive aggrandisement, with grave implications for the rule of law, separation of powers and democratic governance.

Various briefs, guides and other documents were issued previously by the Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) (and included later in the document as annexures), capturing the different legal and policy regimes set in place at various stages of the pandemic response, and related concerns.

The present commentary serves as a non-exhaustive analysis of the pandemic response, with an aim to explore issues and implications that emerged from March 2020 to November 2021. To this end, the document will first provide an overview of the relevant structures and legal frameworks introduced to contain the spread of COVID-19. Secondly, it will identify issues related to governance, restriction and abuse of fundamental rights, continued marginalisation of vulnerable communities, and limited accountability for irregularities caused during the pandemic response, to indicate that the current approach has resulted in restrictions on civil liberties, mismanagement of the health crisis, and other irregularities, with limited avenues to ensure transparency and accountability of the pandemic response.

Read the full commentary here.
To read this commentary in Sinhala, click here.
To read this commentary in Tamil, click here.