Supreme Court Decision in SC FR 91/2023 – Challenging the Prevention of Terrorism 
(De-radicalization from holding violent extremist religious ideology) Regulations No. 01 of 2021

On the 21st of March 2021, the Government published in the Gazette regulations purportedly made under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, namely the Prevention of Terrorism (De-radicalization from holding violent extremist religious ideology) Regulations No. 01 of 2021. Through these regulations, the Government attempted to set up a system of ‘rehabilitation’ for categories of persons holding ‘extremist’ ideologies, to which they could be referred even before they had been found guilty of an offense by a court of law. The scheme would deny parties of due process and had the potential for abuse and the restriction of personal liberties. The court’s finding is that PTA “(De-radicalization from holding violent extremist religious ideology) Regulations No.1 of 2021 are in violation of the fundamental rights of the Petitioners.

In April 2021, The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) and its Executive Director, Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu, challenged the validity of the regulations by way of a Fundamental Rights Application (SC FR 91/2021), along with two other similar Applications (SC FR 106/2021 and SC FR 107/2021), and this set of cases was heard by the Supreme Court. In January 2022, the Supreme Court granted the Petitioners leave to proceed in the case and, recognizing the serious potential for abuse under the guidelines, also issued interim relief which prevented the scheme from being put into force until the final hearing of the Application.

On the 13th of November 2023, the Supreme Court delivered its final judgment in the Application (https://www.cpalanka.org/centre-for-policy-alternatives-v-attorney-general-sc-fra-91-2021/), and found that the Regulations contained in the scheme violated Articles 10 (the Freedom of thought, conscience and religions), 12(1) (equal protection of the law) and 13 (Freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention and punishment etc.) of the Constitution. The court thus declared the scheme under the Regulations null and void. In a symbolic gesture, the State was also directed to pay each Petitioner Rs. 25,000/- as costs.

Important Findings in the Judgment

On the objection of the Attorney General that the Application should be dismissed as the Petitioners were not personally affected by the Regulations;

“The contours of fundamental rights jurisdiction have expanded over the years, and public interest litigation in response to violations and imminent violations of fundamental rights is no longer a new phenomenon in the global arena…. (page 8)

…

…every person shall be entitled to apply to the Supreme Court, as provided by Article 126, in respect of the infringement or imminent infringement by executive or administrative action, of a fundamental right to which such person is entitled under the provisions of Chapter 3 of the Constitution. (page 8)”

On the importance of the freedom of thought, guaranteed by Article 10 of the Constitution;

“The freedom of thought, as enshrined in our fundamental rights, stands out as a cornerstone of democracy. The freedom of thought ensures that a person’s mind remains beyond scrutiny. To infringe upon the freedom of thought is to undermine the very essence of a democratic society, for it is within the realm of individual thought that the roots of self-expression, personal liberty, human dignity and the flourishing of all other fundamental rights are nurtured. (page 11)

…

According to Article 10, the State cannot prevent a person from thinking or believing in some religious ideology on the basis that such thinking or belief is irrational or extreme. As I have already stated, Article 10 sets an absolute bar against such infringements. (page 11)”

On the danger of abuse of the vague term ‘extremist religious ideology;

“The definition of “extremist religious ideology” presents inherent difficulties as religious beliefs may vary widely among individuals, with one person’s religious ideology potentially appearing extreme to another. In the absence of clarity, there is a risk of arbitrary decisions being made where certain attitudes, behaviors, attire, etc. can also be deemed as signs of extremist religious ideologies. (page 11)

…

People cannot be prosecuted, nay persecuted, for merely “holding religious ideology” which the State thinks to be “violent and extremist”. (page 14)”

When can the state step in to address a threat of violence;

“All seem to be in agreement that when there is an imminent threat in pursuit of “violent extremist religious ideology”, the State can step in to prevent the harm for the greater benefit of all others. However, prevention of harm cannot be the pretext for arbitrary use of power to curb the rights of the People. (page 14)”

On the need for clarity in the law;

“If the stated objective of the Regulations is not clear, how can their impact and applicability be properly assessed or understood? The existence of such real uncertainties within legal provisions may give rise to subjective interpretation and arbitrary enforcement of the law, which may undermine the rule of law and legal predictability. This violates Article 12(1) of the Constitution which states “All persons are equal before the law and are entitled to the equal protection of the law.” (page 15)”

 

Download the full Statement in English

To Read the Supreme Court Judgement

Sri Lankan Indigenous Community struggles in the face of the Microfinance Credit Crisis

The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) is a non-partisan, independent organization primarily dedicated to strengthening institutions and building capacity for good governance and conflict transformation in Sri Lanka. The CPA is committed to conducting research and advocacy programs that critically evaluate public policies, identify alternative solutions, and promote an improved political culture and social environment.

The indigenous community, also known as the Vedda community, constitutes a group of citizens in Sri Lanka with a distinct identity and should be treated with dignity, enjoying full entitlement to all rights and privileges. Nevertheless, today, indigenous communities across the island face a multitude of challenges, with the micro-finance credit crisis emerging as a significant concern.

We do not oppose the provision of micro-finance loans and the institutions that offer them; in fact, we view it as a positive opportunity, especially for low-income communities. However, it is evident that citizens who have taken micro-finance loans are facing mounting issues related to informal loan disbursement, recovery, interest rates, and more, compounded by the unregulated nature of these practices, along with questionable and illegal conditions. The Indigenous community is particularly affected due to these situations.

The indigenous community is characterised by its unique linguistic identity. Although they communicate using the ‘Vedi language,’ their written language is Sinhala. Many are not literate in reading or writing in Sinhala. Similarly, Marine Indigenous groups living in Vaharai and Muttur use their own distinct Tamil dialect and are not well-versed in standard Tamil.

Considering these linguistic barriers, the agreements and contracts exchanged between these communities and relevant institutions during micro-finance loan transactions are often in languages they do not understand or comprehend. While a few organisations do issue documents in both Sinhala and Tamil, these indigenous communities still struggle to understand the contents. As a result, they sign these agreements without a full understanding of the content and consequently find themselves entrapped in the legal ramifications.

These communities are primarily located in the Uva, Eastern, and North Central provinces, residing in places like Dambana, Rathugala, Pollebedda, Dalukana, Dimbulagala, Vahari, and Muttur. They have lost their habitats in the forests and have integrated into mainstream society. They are now confronted with various economic, social, and cultural difficulties and complications.

Currently, the regional Vedda Leaders lead by vedda chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo, have corresponded with the President, and the Governor of the Central Bank, highlighting the severe financial debt problem faced by their community. Their primary request is to provide relief from this debt crisis and to establish a more streamlined system for loan disbursement and collection.

We have attached relevant articles along with a video clip featuring Vedda Chief Uruwarige Wannila Aththo’s position on this issue. We kindly request your assistance in sharing this information through your media institution and promoting a social dialogue aimed at finding solutions to the microcredit crisis confronting the indigenous community in our country.

On behalf of the Indigenous Community

Centre for Policy Alternatives

Download the Press Release in English – Click Here
Download the Press Release in Sinhala – Click Here
Download the Press Release in Tamil – Click Here

 

The Proposed Amendments to the Online Safety Bill

The Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA) has previously raised concerns with the Online Safety Bill (OSB) and challenged certain clauses in the Supreme Court.1 On the 18th of October, during the hearing on the constitutionality of the OSB,2 the Attorney General’s Department of Sri Lanka produced to the Supreme Court a series of amendments that the Government proposed to move during the Committee Stage when the Bill was to be taken up in Parliament. These “Committee Stage Amendments” would make substantial alterations to the Bill that was gazetted. Several of the amendments also deviate from “the merits and principles” of the originally gazetted OSB and thus, are in contravention of Article 78(3) of the 1978 Constitution of Sri Lanka.3 Subsequently, such substantial change requires the Government of Sri Lanka to withdraw the currently proposed OSB and re-gazette the amended version.

Download the full document in English : Click Here

Download the full document in Sinhala : Click Here

Download the full document in Tamil: Click Here

Audited Accounts 2021

Audited accounts for 2021. Click HERE to download full PDF.

How the PDC World Darts Championship Transformed Sports Betting in the UK, According to Betzella

When the Professional Darts Corporation launched its World Darts Championship at Lakeside’s rival venue, the Circus Tavern in Purfleet, back in 1994, few observers anticipated that the event would eventually become one of the most significant drivers of sports betting activity in the United Kingdom. What began as a breakaway tournament — born from a dispute between the British Darts Organisation and a group of professional players — has evolved into a cultural phenomenon that fundamentally reshaped how bookmakers approach niche sports and how millions of British bettors engage with televised competition during the winter holiday period. The journey from a small Essex venue to the sold-out Alexandra Palace, with global television audiences exceeding four million viewers per session, represents one of the most remarkable transformations in British sporting and gambling history.

From Fringe Sport to Betting Staple: The Commercial Turning Point

For most of the 1990s, darts occupied an awkward position in the betting market. Bookmakers offered odds on major tournaments, but trading volumes were modest and margins were wide, reflecting limited market liquidity and relatively low public interest. The BDO World Championship at Lakeside retained a loyal following, but televised coverage had diminished since the high-water mark of the 1980s, when players like Eric Bristow and Phil Taylor commanded primetime BBC audiences. The PDC’s early years were similarly constrained — the organisation lacked the broadcasting infrastructure to compete with established sports.

The commercial inflection point came in 2002 when Sky Sports significantly expanded its coverage of PDC events, and more critically, when the World Championship moved to Alexandra Palace in 2008. The Ally Pally venue, with its capacity of approximately 3,000 spectators and its association with New Year celebrations, gave the tournament a distinctive identity. Crowd participation, fancy dress, and a festive atmosphere transformed what had been a relatively sedate viewing experience into something closer to a live music event. Betting operators noticed the shift immediately. William Hill reported a 34% year-on-year increase in darts-related wagering following the first Alexandra Palace championship, and Ladbrokes began dedicating specialist trading teams to the event — a resource allocation previously reserved for Premier League football and horse racing.

The introduction of in-play betting technology during the mid-2000s proved particularly consequential for darts. Unlike football or cricket, where scoring events are separated by extended periods of tactical play, a darts leg can turn within seconds. A player who misses a double checkout can watch their opponent capitalise immediately, creating rapid fluctuations in live odds that appeal to bettors seeking fast-paced engagement. By 2012, in-play darts markets were generating more transactions per minute during peak sessions than many Premier League football matches, according to internal figures cited by Betfair in industry presentations.

Regulatory Context and Market Maturation

The growth of PDC Championship betting did not occur in isolation — it coincided with a period of substantial regulatory change in the UK gambling sector. The Gambling Act 2005, which came into full effect in 2007, liberalised advertising restrictions and allowed operators to market directly to consumers in ways that had previously been prohibited. This created an environment in which bookmakers could actively promote darts betting during televised coverage, accelerating customer acquisition precisely as the sport’s profile was rising.

The subsequent Gambling (Licensing and Advertising) Act 2014 extended licensing requirements to offshore operators serving UK customers, which had the effect of consolidating the market around regulated entities with the infrastructure to offer sophisticated darts markets. Smaller, unlicensed operators who had previously captured a share of darts betting were effectively removed from the accessible UK market. For consumers navigating this more structured environment, resources that aggregate and evaluate regulated platforms became increasingly useful — the best sites for betting on the PDC World Darts Championship are typically those that combine competitive outright odds with robust in-play markets and same-event accumulator options, features that have become standard expectations among experienced darts bettors.

Betzella, which has tracked the evolution of darts betting markets extensively, notes that the regulatory consolidation of 2014 to 2018 paradoxically improved market quality for consumers. With fewer but better-capitalised operators competing for darts business, maximum bet limits increased and market depth improved, particularly for outright winner and top-eight finish markets. The PDC’s own commercial arrangements with broadcasters also evolved during this period, with Sky Sports and later DAZN investing in production quality that made the event more attractive to casual bettors who might place a single wager on the tournament winner as part of a broader Christmas betting ritual.

Phil Taylor, Gerwyn Price, and the Mechanics of Odds Movement

Understanding how the PDC World Championship transformed betting culture requires examining specific cases of how dominant players shaped market behaviour over time. Phil Taylor’s sixteen World Championship victories between 1995 and 2013 created an unusual market dynamic. For much of that period, bookmakers faced a genuine problem: Taylor was so consistently superior to the field that offering competitive odds on him meant accepting significant liability, while pricing him too short deterred casual betting activity. The solution, developed gradually through the late 1990s and 2000s, was to build more sophisticated each-way structures and to promote markets beyond the outright winner — section betting, match handicaps, and 180-checkout specials became popular precisely because Taylor’s dominance made the top market commercially difficult to balance.

This structural innovation outlasted Taylor’s dominance. When he retired from the World Championship in 2018, the market had been permanently diversified. Bettors who had learned to engage with checkout markets, leg handicaps, and first-to-score-a-180 specials continued to use those products with subsequent generations of players. The emergence of competitive figures like Gerwyn Price, Peter Wright, and Michael van Gerwen — none of whom has achieved Taylor’s level of sustained dominance — created a more genuinely open market that sustains higher betting volumes precisely because outcomes are less predictable. Van Gerwen’s three World Championship victories (2014, 2017, 2019) established him as a strong favourite in most years he competed, but his losses to players like Rob Cross in 2018 and Damon Heta in later rounds demonstrated the volatility that keeps in-play markets active and liquid.

Betzella’s analysis of odds movement during the 2019 and 2023 championships found that the largest single in-play liability shifts occurred not during finals but during quarter-final and semi-final matches involving unseeded or lower-seeded players. The 2018 final, in which Rob Cross defeated Phil Taylor in Taylor’s final professional appearance, generated extraordinary betting activity — Cross had been available at 66/1 before the tournament, and his run to the title represented one of the largest liability events in PDC history for major operators.

Broadcasting, Sponsorship, and the Normalisation of Darts Betting

The relationship between broadcasting deals and betting market development is rarely discussed explicitly, but it is fundamental to understanding why the PDC World Championship occupies its current position in the UK betting calendar. Sky Sports’ decision to schedule the tournament across seventeen days in late December and early January — overlapping with the Christmas and New Year period when discretionary spending is elevated — was commercially deliberate. The timing aligned the event with a period when casual bettors, many of whom engage with gambling only a handful of times per year, are most likely to place wagers. Research by the Gambling Commission’s 2022 participation survey indicated that 23% of adults who bet on sports in the preceding twelve months cited darts as one of the sports they had wagered on, a figure that would have been considered implausibly high as recently as 2005.

Sponsorship arrangements have reinforced this normalisation. The PDC World Championship has carried betting company branding prominently since the early 2010s, with companies including Betway, bet365, and BoyleSports holding naming rights or floor-level advertising positions at Alexandra Palace. This visibility created a feedback loop: bettors who watched the tournament saw betting brands associated with it, which lowered psychological barriers to placing wagers, which increased the commercial value of the sponsorship, which in turn increased operator investment in darts-specific markets and promotions. The PDC has been more willing than many sporting bodies to embrace gambling sponsorship, and the financial consequences for the sport have been substantial — prize money at the World Championship increased from £100,000 in 1994 to £2.5 million by 2023, a trajectory that would have been impossible without the commercial infrastructure that betting operators helped build.

The PDC World Darts Championship has, over thirty years, moved from a breakaway tournament held in a converted nightclub to one of the defining fixtures of the British sporting and gambling calendar. Its influence on betting markets extends beyond darts itself — the structural innovations developed to handle darts wagering, from rapid in-play price adjustments to micro-market specials, have been applied across other sports. Betzella’s documentation of this evolution illustrates how a single sporting property, when combined with favourable regulatory timing, broadcasting investment, and genuine competitive drama, can reshape the expectations and habits of an entire betting market. The legacy of that 1994 split from the BDO is measured not only in trophy cabinets but in the architecture of modern sports betting itself.